時間:2023-04-08 11:44:00
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引言
攀枝花市,四川省唯一以花命名的城市,被稱作陽光花城,座落在四川西南角,金沙江和雅礱江交匯處。自1965年建市以來,城市建設已形成規模,旅游資源獨具特色:獨特的自然地理環境、獨具風味的飲食,濃郁的少數民族民俗風情文化,成為獨樹一幟的旅游品牌,成為攀枝花市對外開放的重要組成部分。
旅游文化的翻譯工作是使對外宣傳資料發揮作用的重要環節, 也是一個城市對外交流水平和人文環境建設的重要體現。如何讓攀枝花走向世界、讓世界了解攀枝花, 有效開展招商引資、擴大對外交流和合作起到了積極作用。在這種情況下,針對目前攀枝花市獨特旅游資源的英譯問題進行分析、研究,將極大地促進攀枝花的對外交流合作和提高城市的整體形象。但是由于中英旅游文本中的文化差異表現在其不同的審美、價值觀及風俗習慣等中英旅游文本在提供信息方面亦有不同的側重點。因此,在功能理論的指導下,結合中英旅游文本的不同點,,旅游文本的翻譯應以游客為中心,以傳播中國文化為導向,最終達到旅游文本的誘導目的??梢圆扇∠鄳姆g策略:直譯、增譯、省譯、類比等,以期增強旅游文本譯文的可讀性,最終有效實現譯文的預期功能和目的。
一、攀枝花特色地理地貌的英譯
攀枝花地處攀西裂谷中南段,屬浸蝕、剝蝕中山丘陵、山原峽谷地貌,山高谷深、盆地交錯分布,地質構造復雜,森林覆蓋面積大,喀斯特地貌分布廣,裂谷、溫泉、溶洞、瀑布和河流比比皆是,為旅游事業的發展提供了資源基礎。對于對于攀枝花特色地理地貌的英譯方面,張沉香(2007)對于術語的國際化, 提出應“適當加大音譯比例”,“促進國際合作和科技發展”。
音譯不僅能夠達到簡潔和透明的作用,還是保存源語文化的最佳途徑。尊重術語體現的文化而采用音譯的翻譯方法也是現代術語翻譯的一個趨勢。以攀枝花地理地貌“喀斯特”為例,就是采用的音譯方法現已被學界多接受,然而它卻曾被中國學界采用意譯的方法改譯為“巖溶”。另一個類似的例子是世紀初由中國學者確定的“天坑”,即西方地理學學術話語中的“特大型塌陷漏斗”所描述的地理樣貌,在攀枝花也是數量眾多,大小不一。2005 年起,“天坑”這一定名獲得了國際喀斯特學術界的一致認可,漢語拼音 “tiankeng”開始國際通用“喀斯特”在中國和 “tiankeng”在國際學界的最終被接受,這體現了兩個屬于名詞文化內涵的保留,以及音譯在學術文化界的認同。
攀枝花非常有名的“格薩拉生態旅游區”主景區距瀘沽湖116公里,距麗江376公里,沿省道216線(稻攀路)前行可達稻城、亞丁,景區景觀由天坑地漏、巖溶景觀、高山草甸和彝家風情等組成。關于“格薩拉生態旅游區”的英譯資料“Gesala Ecotourism Area as a part of the Golden Triangular Tourism Area of Daocheng, Lijiang and Panzhihua is located at the juncture of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.”該譯文首先介紹了格薩拉生態旅游區的地理位置位于稻城,麗江和攀枝花旅游金三角,位于川滇兩省的交接處。 “ It is not only the south gate of the Great Shangri-la of China, but also an important component of the Sunshine Ecotourism Area in west Panzhihua City.” 此句則強調了格薩拉生態旅游區的重要性,為中國大香格里拉的南大門, “the south gate”則運用了英語中隱喻的修辭手法 “metaphor” ,非常生動形象。
接下來用添加注解的方法,介紹格薩拉生態旅游區命名的含義和淵源。 “Gesala”, a vocabulary of the Yi Nationality, means “the beautiful heaven where human and nature coexist harmoniously”, “the funniest hillock” and also “the place closest to the Sun”. “格薩拉”是彝族的一個詞匯,含義是“人與自然和諧共處的美麗的天堂”,“最的山丘”“離太陽最近的地方”。
商務交際的一個重要環節就是商務談判,如交易中商品的價格、發貨時間、付款方式、售后服務等都會涉及談判,談判不僅需要商務英語的使用規范得體,而且要求語言的使用符合對方的文化背景,及飲食文化等,不能觸到對方的禁忌,這樣才能順利進行交際,最終促進交易的完成。此外培養出良好的人際關系也有利于企業間加深并建立長期合作關系,開發更多的客戶。但是受高職學制的影響,商務英語專業的人才培養方案和課程設置都過于重視學生商務英語知識和專業技能的培養和教學,缺乏文化的教學,使文化和語言知識脫節。這在表面上看確實是集中全部力量培養學生的知識技能,但是卻忽略了這樣一個事實,培養出的人才只掌握了語言這個交流的載體,卻缺乏引導交流順利進行的內容,會說英語,但卻不知道該說什么,交流的不恰當嚴重時會影響商務關系的建立。因此不了解對方的國家情況、地理環境、人文環境、文化風俗、商務文化,就無法建立良好的商務關系。雖然通過商務英語專業教學確實培養出了許多有非常高的商務英語知識和技能的學生,日常的交往活動中,也可以輕松自如地和外國人交流,但是在商務活動中,因為對對方的國家文化了解甚少,導致貿易無法正常進行,或者給公司帶來貿易損失的現象也很多。
2商務英語教學的現狀
學生是教學的主體,一切教學活動都應該從培養符合社會和崗位需求的人才出發。高職教學有別于本科的教學,高職教學更注重學生的實踐能力,這是高職辦學的特色。一切學科都需要跟崗位需求相結合,高職商務英語教學也是如此,開設了商務實訓課程,努力使學生擁有實際操作技能,理論學習的同時加強實踐。因此,高職商務英語教學的課程設計也是從這一目的出發,包括語言和商務知識的傳授,同時進行商務環境模擬。這是商務英語從業人員的基本素質要求。只有語言能力過關,商務知識專業的學生才能從事對外貿易活動。但是這兩點雖然具備了從事商務活動的基本條件,但卻不能保證能夠順利開展商務活動,這是因為各種交際活動歸根結底都是人與人之間的交往,所以相互尊重,尊重對方的文化習俗,不觸碰對方的禁忌是根本保證,這就需要了解貿易國的文化和習俗。目前高職英語教學普遍對文化的重視性不強。導致這一現象的原因有兩點,一是學生沒有這方面學習的需求,高職的學生普遍基礎薄弱,缺乏學習的主動性,而且對英語的學習還是停留在過四、六級的需求上。雖然教師在課堂上有時也會給學生滲透一些文化知識,但卻會有學生因此而反映教師教學不專注課本,課外知識導入過多。二是整個學生培養方案中沒有英美文化這樣的課程,因此教師在教學中按照大綱教學就不會進行過多的文化知識的導入,了解文化差異是順利進行交際的必要條件,只有交流順利才能進行進一步的貿易談判、商務往來,為了達到這一目的,一定要從教師和人才培養方案這個根本來明確文化的重要性,加強對學生的商務文化的培養。同時也要讓學生理解這類課程設置的意義,調動學生的學習積極性和主動性。舉一個簡單的例子,商務宴請是貿易往來中非常常見的一種活動,有利于促進商務關系的建立和維護,但是如果處理不當也會適得其反。簡單的一次宴請會涉及許多文化方面的內容。如座位安排禮儀、餐具的使用禮儀、上菜的順序、搭配酒類的習慣、餐桌上取食的禮儀、餐桌上交談的禮儀、用餐后或用餐中離席的禮儀,以及勸酒布菜的中西方區別,等等。此外如果宴請的對象是西方人,那么就要注意宴會時間的選擇,一定要在工作時間中進行,因為西方傳統注重家庭和個人私有時間,占用他的休息時間,即使是商務宴請這樣的活動也會給對方造成不快,同時也要注意按時參加宴會不要遲到。而在中國和日本等一些國家,商務活動從業人員加班和應酬是工作常態,人們喜歡在酒桌上解決問題,開發客戶,維護與客戶的關系。因此了解這些差異,盡量避免給對方帶來不快,是商務活動能夠順利展開的必要條件。
3如何在教學中培養學生的文化意識
了解了文化對于國際貿易順利開展的重要性和原因之后就要對學生進行文化的滲透和導入,來增強學生的文化意識和學習的興趣。那怎么來實現這個目的呢?下面針對目前教學活動存在的問題來給出一些解決方法。首先,教師需要明確教學思想和教學目的。要從根本出發,雖然學生是課堂教學的主體,但是在課堂教學活動中,教師的思想行為和教學傾向性會對學生的學習重心產生影響,因此想要通過教學提高學生的文化水平,提升學生的文化意識,就需要教師的教學思想和教學目標重視文化的滲透和導入。其教學活動是根據不同的商務環境、文化進行實用型商務人才的培養,在教學中教師一定要明確這一點,只有從思想上真正認識到商務文化的重要性,在商務英語教學中,才會滲透商務文化,也才能從根本上改變現狀。目前有的教師本身就不重視文化在日常教學中的滲透,因此要督促教師從自身做起,提升教師自身的文化素質,這樣才能將文化知識傳達給學生,讓學生對文化的作用有所了解,調動學生的學習興趣和積極性。其次,運用多種手段,采取周刊選讀、分組討論、網絡查詢等各種不同的方式來進行教學,通過任務教學法、情景教學法等多種方法讓學生學習語言知識的同時對其他國家的禮儀、文化、習俗都有一定的認識和了解,提升學生的綜合素質。教師可以借助網絡資源、有聲資料,盡可能多地讓學生接觸到文化知識,同時要注重培養學生的團隊合作精神和組織能力、交際能力。通過社會調查、小組討論、案例教學、分角色扮演,進行互動式的教學。教師還需要掌握跨文化外語教學的具體方法和技能,在進行課堂練習時,要充分發揮學生的主動性和創造性,盡量多地給學生交流發言的機會,讓他們實現語言知識、商務知識和文化知識的有機融合,培養既具有語言能力又具有跨文化商務溝通能力的商務英語復合型人才。最后,要重視日常教學中跨文化知識的導入。因為英語、商務和文化三者之間關系緊密、相互聯系,因此培養企業需求的實用型商務英語人才,就不能忽略對學生能力和文化的培養。所以我們需要培養既有扎實的語言能力,又有專業的商務詞匯和表達,以及跨文化的知識多能型人才。我們對前兩項都非常重視,也一直是教學的重點,而文化意識的培養就經常被忽略,而這對于學生今后的交際和可持續性發展是非常必要的。我們無法要求老師在短短的三年學制中能教授學生所有的文化差異,這是根本做不到的,我們要做的是培養學生的非語言交際能力,幫助學生意識到文化差異在交際中會引起的誤會和失誤,引導他們意識到文化對于交際的重要性,從而掌握學習方法和方向,具備繼續學習的能力。非語言交際是跨文化交際中非常重要的因素,據研究大概有70%左右的信息是通過非言語交際方式來傳遞的。因為非語言交際傳遞的信息不直接,只有相同文化基礎的人才能意識到,因此它所傳遞的信息甚至比語言所傳遞的信息更有影響力,一個簡單的手勢或動作,如果觸碰了對方的文化禁忌,就會引起誤會,進而會導致無法進行正常的交際,更不要說進行商務談判與合作了。所以要重視不同文化中肢體語言所代表的不同意義,也就是不同文化下的非語言交際方式。在不同文化中,肢體語言的意義并不完全相同,各民族有不同的非語言交際方式。在日常教學中,高職學制只有三年,無法在課堂上進行大量的跨文化信息的導入,但是可以讓學生課后多花點時間去查找與教材內容相關的文化背景知識,每節課拿出一點時間讓學生進行講解。這樣既鍛煉了他們的自主學習能力及語言的運用能力,也掌握了文化知識,如此在達到學生學習英語的同時,也提高了學生學習英語的興趣。
4結語
1、提高中國文化素養符合多元化的人才需求
當今的就業市場需要多元化的外語人才,對于英語相關專業而言,社會上普遍需求的是英語與其他專業緊密結合的復合應用型人才,商務英語專業在此應運而生,培養能用英語進行諸如商務、旅游、物流、外貿、文秘、會展等商貿活動的復合型人才。在兩種文化交流的過程中,決定溝通質量的是代表中國形象的學生的中國文化素養和自身的英語水平。
2、諳熟中國文化可以助力學生的英語學習
在英語業已成為世界語的今天,商務英語專業作為英語專業的一個分支,長期以來英語學習過程中都強調英語語言知識的輸入,強調英語與商務的結合,注重發音標準、表達流利、語法運用得體等,其重視程度甚至遠遠勝于對中國文化涵養的關注。而語言內在的思想性被忽略甚至被淹沒,因此外語學習過程中母語的正遷移作用很難發揮出來。換言之,倘若學生憑借自己較高的中國文化涵養來進行英語學習,聽說讀寫的學習障礙將會大大降低,英漢雙語的相互切換也會迎刃而解。
3、熟悉中國文化有利于傳播優秀的中國文化
英語學習的終極目標不僅是實現成功的跨文化交際,更應該是把優秀的母語文化即中國文化傳播到世界。承載著幾千年文明的中國,其優秀精華的文化應該在英語學習過程中與英語這門語言站在文化對等的位置上對話。在對外漢語教學日益盛行的今天,高校商務英語專業的學生也應該盡己之力通曉中國文化及其英文講解方法思路,在商務活動中使世界通過我們更加了解中國璀璨文化。
二、商務英語專業中國文化教學現狀
1、課程設置對于中國文化的缺失
2000年南京大學的從叢教授在《“中國文化失語”:我國英語教育的缺陷》中提到“許多中國青年學者雖然具有相當程度的英語水平,但是在與西方人交往的過程中,始終顯示不出來自古文化大國的學者所應具有的深厚文化素養和獨立的文化人格……有些博士生有較高的基礎英語水平,也有較高的中國文化修養,但是一旦進入英語交流語境,便會立即呈現出‘中國文化失語癥’”。商務英語專業學生用英語表達母語文化中出現“失語”現象,是因為在英語教學中獲得用英語準確表達中國文化知識的不足。例如,介紹魯迅先生故居的一段話中很多學生把“故居”一詞翻譯成“oldhouse”,幾乎沒有學生知道地道的說法是“formerresidence”。同時,很多高校的商務英語專業課程設置上注重實用性,講求英語語言知識與商務知識的結合。作為只有36學時的選修課,課時有限,任務緊張,很多學生為完成任務而完成任務,沒有真正重視中國文化的學習與提高。
2、日常教學頻頻出現中國文化缺失
過度重視英語及英語文化而忽視中國文化導致英語文化的內化在商務英語專業學生中越來越深入,許多學生成為英語通、西方文化通,俚語通,而中國傳統文化成為許多學生的認知荒漠:課堂上問及學生“杞人憂天”、“門泊東吳萬里船”等詞句無法用英語解釋出來。今天的四六級考試中增加了段落翻譯項目,而且頻頻涉及到中國傳統文化與當今中國經濟社會發展。但是學生對于中國文化的重視程度依然不夠。不要說“四合院”“、茶馬古道”“、敦煌石窟”、就是“少林功夫”、“吉祥文化”、“筷子”等很多中國文化常見語的譯法學生都聞所未聞、瞠目結舌。比如,在介紹孔子的一段話的翻譯中,很多學生根本不知道孔子(Confucius)、儒學(theRuSchool)、孔圣人(MasterKung)。學生英語水平雖然大幅提高,母語文化卻丟之腦后,這不得不說是失衡的英語教育造就的悲哀。
3、學生測評體系對中國文化的忽視
目前高校商務英語專業對學生的測驗評價體系依然比較傳統地注重學生的聽、說、讀、寫、譯等能力。聽力考試材料來源基本上是BEC、BBC、VOA、CNN,文化背景都是清一色的西方英語國家日常生活與商務活動,很少涉及中國文化;口語考試依然一如既往地關注發音標準、表達流利、地道清晰、商務術語準確等因素;閱讀、寫作、翻譯考試也多是傳統的名詞解釋、簡答題、論述題、案例分析、計算題等,中國文化元素依然難得一見。
三、商務英語專業中國文化教學強化對策
全世界早已掀起了“漢語熱”:孔子學院的設立、漢語等級考試的興起、對外漢語教學人才的稀缺都足以為證。商務英語專業作為以英語語言為橋梁、深化英語與商務專業知識相銜接的專業,學生內在的中國文化素養亟待提高??梢詮囊韵聨讉€方面著手:
1、課程設置對于中國文化可以有所傾斜
商務英語專業在課程設置方面除了大一全校開設的大學語文之外,可以考慮自己開設現代漢語及漢語語言學等課程。畢竟商務英語專業的學生在學習英語語言學的過程中一定會不自覺地發問:為什么多年的學習生涯中學校從未開設過漢語語言學呢?很多學生會盲目認為英語語言學在重要性上一定勝過漢語語言學,因此造成了學生語言學習過程中的顧此而失彼。條件允許的話,高校的商務英語專業還可以鼓勵專業教師開設與中國相關的公共選修課:英文講解的人類學、社會學、心理學、中國歷史、中國文化通史、古代詩詞及名著賞析、對外漢語教學等課程,應體現哲學、歷史、宗教、社會、教育、文化、藝術等中國文化內容,從而提高學生的中國文化素養和母語人文涵養,給學生創造良好的中國文化學習氛圍。通過這些課程,開闊學生視野,使學生更加熟悉中國文化。
2、日常教學將中國文化貫穿始終
商務英語專業教師應該自覺提高自身中國文化修養,深入學習中國文化尤其是中國傳統文化,并在日常教學中成功實現中國文化的漢英切換,注重中西文化對比、中國文化知識的傳播和對外漢語宣傳能力的提升。例如,教師在課堂上講授美國文化的五大象征時,可以啟發學生用英語討論中國文化的象征,學生熱烈討論中會涉及長城、孔子、筷子、菜系、絲綢之路、天安門廣場、故宮等許多中華文化象征,啟發學生盡可能詳盡地用英語表述中國元素。同時,教師在備課過程中應盡可能多地熟悉中國特有文化的英文譯法,多多積累中國文化各種英文介紹,例如,可以參考作品中涉及大量中國文化元素的林語堂、錢鐘書和賽珍珠的作品及英文版的《中國文化》等書籍。
3、完善學生測評體系,強調中國文化
商務英語專業的學生測評不僅應該單獨設置中國文化課程的考核,還應在綜合英語、精讀等課程的測試中體現中國元素,加入相關檢測試題,學生在備考過程中系統復習,不斷強化,中國文化素養必然會得到提高。在學生的聽、說、讀、寫、譯等能力的考試中盡可能選取與中國文化相關的資料。在學生的各類測試中增加中西文化比較,根據主題與作者觀點,適當進行廣泛的跨文化對比分析,使學生對中西方文化的特點有清楚的認識,能夠深刻地意識到祖國傳統文化的價值,通過系統教學、講解、反復訓練、復習、檢測等環節實現學生熟練用英文較準確表達中國文化相關內容。
四、結語
1.跨文化英語教學模式下大學生自主學習能力培養——大學英語教學新思路
2.在跨文化英語教學中保持中國特色
3.高校學生跨文化交際能力培養的現狀與思考——以高校英語教師為考察維度
4.跨文化英語教學與人文素質的培養
5.模因論視角下的中國文化英語教學
6.英語專業學生中國文化英語表達力研究——基于廣西184名大學生的調查數據
7.初中文化英語品格重建初探
8.大學英語教師的跨文化教育
9.地方性院校大學生中國文化英語表達能力調查——以臺州學院為例
10.大學英語教學中跨文化意識的培養
11.CBI與大學英語后續課程構建與實施研究——以《中國文化概況(英語)》為例
12.高師英語專業學生母語文化英語表達力調查及分析
13.希臘神話對現代英語文化的影響
14.高職院校跨文化英語教學的實踐和探討
15.高職院??缥幕⒄Z教學中存在的問題與對策淺析
16.言語交際原則下的茶文化英語芻議
17.“產出導向法”理念下中國文化英語體驗式教學模式探析
18.漢英語篇意合與形合的文化闡釋
19.跨文化交際能力的培養與大學英語教學
20.英語教學中的跨文化意識培養
21.幼師生跨文化英語交際能力培養方法研究
22.地方高校英語專業學生中國文化英語表達能力研究——以咸陽師范學院外國語學院為例
23.中國文化英語表達力培養研究
24.培養跨文化交際能力在商務英語教學中的重要性及實施建議
25.背景文化知識與網絡英語新聞閱讀效度的實證研究
26.社會文化學與英語教學
27.批評對比修辭學視域下的跨文化英語寫作“第三空間”
28.格式塔心理學視角下高校茶文化英語教學策略探究
29.“生活化英語”教學實踐中的“文化—工具”關系
30.中西文化差異與英語詞匯教學
31.基于人本主義教育觀的大學英語教學研究——以培養學生中西文化英語表達能力為例
32.大學英語教學中文化教學探析
33.以“文”“化”人:理工院校中國文化英語教學實踐探究
34.高校英語文化教學及其變量研究
35.淺談商務英語教學中文化意識的培養
36.大學生地方文化英語表達力的實證研究
37.以內容為依托的中國文化英語教材編寫原則探討
38.大學英語教學中學生跨文化意識的培養
39.高中英語課堂中的文化教學
40.“微時代”跨文化英語交際能力發展研究
41.英語人名的文化特征及翻譯策略
42.非英語專業學生中國文化英語表達能力研究
43.淺談英語詞匯的文化內涵
44.英文電影在綜合英語跨文化教學中的運用
45.論商務英語談判中商務文化意識的體現
46.理工科大學生中國文化英語表達能力調查與研究
47.在英語聽力教學中介紹相應文化背景知識的重要性與必要性
48.跨文化英語教學與中學生閱讀能力培養的二元思考
49.全球化語境下鈞瓷文化英語翻譯的現狀及前景
50.論文化英語人才建設在成都城市文化軟實力發展中的功能和作用
51.試論英語教學中的文化背景
52.英漢隱喻差異與跨文化英語教學
53.中國文化英語在高職生人文素質教育中的必要性
54.淺談大學英語文化教學中的跨文化溝通風格
55.高職英語教學中的跨文化教學研究
56.大學英語教學中文化輸入的教學方法研究
57.英語專業學生中國文化英語表達能力研究
58.從語言和文化的關系看高職英語教學中文化因素的導入
59.淺論英語教學中應注重文化的導入——培養跨文化交際能力
60.淺談大學英語教學中的中國文化認同教育
61.英語語言文化類選修課開設的必要性和可行性
62.理工科大學生中國文化英語表達能力調查與研究
63.大學英語課堂中跨文化交際能力培養的實驗研究
64.高職英語教學中文化教學策略探究
65.淺析跨文化英語報刊的傳播作用
66.跨文化英語分子寫作學建模的研究
67.語言輸入與文化適應——大學英語閱讀教學略論
68.跨文化英語課堂教學的系統工程分析
69.文化導入在高職英語教學中的應用
70.體育文化與英語習語
71.對外漢語專業學生的中國文化英語表達能力的研究
72.跨文化語境下的音樂院校中國文化英語教學與研究
73.如何提高英語專業學生的中國文化英語表達能力
74.大學跨文化英語教學結構模式和實踐模式
75.文化差異視域下的跨文化英語教學研究
76.試論教改環境下跨文化英語教育
77.跨文化交際中的中國式英語現象淺析
78.大學英語文化教學生態失衡與對策研究
79.文化英語通識教育與藝術的智性模式
80.以平行視角審視及反思中國傳統文化教學——評《中國文化英語教程》
81.農業院校非英語專業學生中國文化英語表達能力研究
82.旅游英語教學中的跨文化交際
83.跨文化英語教學與醫學生跨文化自主學習能力的培養
84.大學英語教學中中國文化英語表達缺失的原因及對策淺探
85.英語詞匯教學中的跨文化交際意識培養
86.跨文化語境下大學生中國文化英語表達能力的培養
87.對來華留學生“中國文化”英語授課之探索
88.跨文化交際教學本族語文化英語表達能力研究
89.牛津高中英語教材本土文化調查分析
90.基于文化導向教學模式下的高校商務英語精讀教學策略
91.中西文化差異與商務英語教學
92.從英語詞匯中的外來詞匯——漫談英語詞匯中的希臘文化
93.英語專業教學中的中國文化意識培養——一份基于使用《閱讀中國》進行文化教學改革的報告
94.西方文化視野下的參與式英語教學法探析
95.跨文化交際背景下的英語委婉語文化內涵探究
96.試析英語習語中的文化內涵
97.新時期地方院校大學生中國文化英語表達能力調查研究——以濟寧學院為例
98.非英語專業研究生中國文化英語表達能力現狀與對策研究
99.中學英語教學與跨文化交際能力培養
100.高職院校英語教學中母語文化融入研究
101.談如何把英美文化滲透到高職高專英語教學中
102.英語習語語言中的文化要素
103.探析大學英語教學中母語文化的導入
104.從非英語專業大學生看中國文化英語表達力的缺失
105.加強語言意識培養,提高學生中國文化英語輸出能力
106.英語教師中介作用與課堂文化教學相關性研究
107.英語專業基礎英語課教學要滲透文化教育
108.學生中國文化英語表達能力的培養
109.跨文化英語教學對提高大學生民族文化自豪感的影響
110.對旅游專業學生中國文化英語表達能力的調查研究
111.論中國文化的英語教學
112.面子文化與大學英語口語教學策略研究
113.填補高校英語專業文化教育空白——一項高校英語專業開設《中國文化》英語課的必要性研究
114.大學生母語文化英語表達能力調查研究
115.淺談英語教學中文化因素的滲透
116.英語教學中非英語專業研究生跨文化交際能力的培養
117.跨文化語境下重視中國文化英語表達能力的培養
118.大學英語教學中文化輸入的問題及策略研究
119.大學英語通識教育文化類課程“反哺”教學初探
On Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark Words and Coping Strategies
Xu Huimin
Abstracts: With the advent of economic globalization, more and more commodities are going out of the country and have a share in world market. Trademark is a special language symbol and important component of commodity culture,representing the unique characteristics of the commodity. It is also a powerful weapon for enterprisers to participate in international competition. Good trademark translation can bring tremendous wealth to the enterprise while the adverse trademark translation can make the enterprise pay a heavy price; therefore the survival of the enterprise has an intimate relationship with trademark translation. Trademark translation should follow the principles of translation and pay attention to the cultural forbidden zone in trademark translation. Here are many ways to translate trademarks, such as pinyin, transliteration and so on, which should pay attention to the cultural taboos of different countries and nationalities in order to avoid unnecessary troubles.
1. Introduction
The emergence of trademarks as a symbol of enterprise, it is a bridge between producers and consumers in direct dialogue it is a powerful weapon for enterprises to participate in international competition. The deepening of China's opening-up and the increasing economic activity of foreign-funded enterprises in China has greatly enriched the economic life of the Chinese people and created many new economic and commercial activities for the Chinese people. A large number of domestic exports to all parts of the world, foreign goods also flooded into the domestic market. Legitimate goods have their own trademarks. Today, with economic globalization and regional economic integration, more and more Chinese enterprises in order to seek larger development space and seek higher economic effectiveness for go out of the country and tend towards the world. At the same time, our lives appear many foreign brands with the same idea and purpose. A company whether can set up its own brand in this time of rapid economic growth and gain more development space, the key depend on product quality and research and development. But once you out of the country, you will face different culture, language, customs... under the background of the international market. The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. For example advertisement and translation of trademark will play a crucial role in the early stage. It is not an exaggeration to say that when an enterprise’s brand is in the international market, the name of the commodity translated appreciately or not. In a sense, it is directly related to the brand in the international market, in a way, is directly related to the enterprise brand in the international market.
Nowadays we can see all kinds of trademarks when we walking in the street. The trademark is has the remarkable feature of a commodity producer or business operator who use it in order to distinguish his goods from other people's goods. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities, trademark is the symbol of commodities. Some trademarks is a word, some trademarks are just a simple image design, while some signs are the combination of graphics and words. Taking trademarks advertising commodity has become an important way of enterprises to tap the potential of international market and promote the development of international trade. Trademark translation is the transformation from one language to another, and to maintain its original style and connotation. Nowadays more and more foreign goods are entering the Chinese market. Meanwhile, more and more Chinese products are selling goods all around the world. How successfully translate the English trademark into Chinese trademark has become a problem for many enterprises and the translator to consider, and if China's enterprises have intention to enter the international market, that must be consider how to have good translate for Chinese trademark the into the English trademark.
This paper starts from the taboo of trademark translation, analyzes the cultural taboos which should be paid attention to in the process of trademark translation due to different cultures of various countries. With the exchange of Chinese and foreign products, the translation of trademarks is inevitable, so the translation of trademarks plays an important role in the sale of goods outside the home. The first chapter mainly introduces the background and significance of trademark translation. The second chapter mainly introduces the method of trademark translation. The third chapter mainly introduces the different cultural taboos in different cultures, and the fourth chapter mainly puts forward some corresponding strategies for the cultural taboos in the world. The fifth chapter mainly summarizes the full content.
2. Translation Methods of Trademark
In the process of trademark translation, businessmen strive for trademark individuality, concise content, break through the rules of grammar, as far as possible with the least content text bearing the most corporate culture and commodity value, and to make consumers have the desire to buy the goods and facilitate the effect of memory.( 許金杞. 意美、音美、形美——英文商標的漢譯[J], 外語與外語教學,2002, (11): 48.).
2.1Transliteration
Transliteration is based on the pronunciation of English trademarks, which are translated in the same or similar pronunciation of Chinese characters. Its advantage is that it can maintain the original pronunciation advantage of the original brand and brand name, which can reflect the exotic atmosphere of the goods. Taking transliteration of trademark name is mainly composed of a person's name, enterprise name or other proper noun. This method is used in both English trademark translation and Chinese trademark translation. A common used for transliteration English trademark, such as Sony, L 'Orea, Nike, Casio, Revlon, Ikea etc.
2.2 Synthetic Phonics
Synthetic Phonics is to cut words or make words together, create a new word to translation brand name, make the brand name novel and interesting, impressive, and have abundant association. Therefore, it can play a role in the advocacy. Such as 新意達集團“Newit” (New + Wit), 東方星鐘表“Eastar”(Eeast + star), 膚美靈化妝品“Skinice”(skin + nice), 金霸王電池“Durable cell” (Durable + Cell), 尤妮佳“Unicharm”(union + charm), 德生電 “Tecsun”(technology+ sun).
2.3 Spelling
The trademark taking spelling which is more simply and intuitive, and is named directly in the form of pinyin. Such as:大寶(DABAO)、六神(LIUSHEN)、華為(HUAWEI)etc. When we use pinyin to translate the name of an English trademark, sometimes it does not have corresponding words or expressions of Chinese. Some trademarks will be presented in the form of pinyin in the translation process, but the word may have different meanings in English-speaking countries. For example, there is a trademark called “FUCK Pincers”, which probably initials of the company name. But in English, the word means “cheating, cajoling” or even sex slang. Therefore, when we translate trademarks, we should be careful of each country of cultural differences and cultural taboos. Although the use of pinyin translation of trademarks have failed cases, but the use of Pinyin translation of trademarks have a successful case. Such as “Chun Lan”(春蘭空調)and “Chang Hong”(長虹空調). But these successes are in the minority. Some trademarks that use pinyin translation can be misleading, produce negative associations and cause ambiguity. Such as the lipstick brand “芳芳”, translated by pinyin as “Fang Fang”, but in English, the word “Fang” means “along, sharp tooth of a dog; a snake’s poison-tooth”. So, for cosmetics that want to make people beautiful, the translation is too different from its original meaning, and it can't arouse consumers' desire to buy. Although pinyin translation is relatively simple compared with other translation methods, but the trademark is only a sign, which usually loses the deep meaning of the original trademark. For example, “金龍” translates to “King Long”. The pronunciation of “金” and “King” is very close, and it has a noble meaning, and this conversion is reasonable. In China, “龍” is the symbol of Chinese culture, symbolizing the meaning of justice and prosperity, but the word “Long” in English pronunciation for “Wolf” so with the meaning of “龍” have a clear difference in meaning. In these cases, the loss of the original meaning of the trademark but also to foreign consumers puzzled, do not understand what these trademarks mean, thus affecting the sales volume.
2.4 Liberal Translation
The liberal translation refers to the translation according to the purport of the original text, not the word translation. Usually in the translation of sentences or phrases used more, liberal translation is mainly used in the original language and the translation of large cultural differences in the case. Liberal translation is more able to reflect the language characteristics of the nation. The transliteration of trade mark means that the translator has to abandon the literal meaning of the original text in order to conform to the original content and the main language function, which is based on the national culture and focuses on the cultural connotation. In other words, the transliteration is a completely literal translation. Such as “Red Bull”(紅牛飲料),“Microsoft”(微軟),The liberal translation, also called "Functional equivalence translation", usually only chooses the content of the original text and discards its form, which is a kind of translation after digestion. For example: “雀巢咖啡”translated into Nescafe. Nescafe is the abbreviation of Nestle Coffee, why do you have this translation? Because the coffee's outsourcing bottle cap is printed with the design of Nestle, its English is Nestle, and the “咖啡” translation is coffee, so in translating, The translator according to the meaning take two words together is “Nescafe”.
3. The Culture Taboos in Translation of Trademark
Because in international trade different countries have different social, historical and cultural backgrounds, a commodity often appears to be popular in one country, but in another it is neglected. This is because the translator did not take fully the cultural and historical background of the trademark translation into account, which led to the marketing failure. Translators should have a certain understanding of different countries of national culture and cultural taboos, there will not due to the mistake of trademark translation, result in the failure of commodity marketing. ( Nida, E. “Language, Culture and Translating”, 上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 1993.).
3.1 Taboos of National Psychology
National psychology refers to the character, temperament, emotion, value orientation, religious mentality and aesthetic psychology of a nation. Although the psychological model of a nation has the same characteristics as other nationalities, but most of them are different and mutually exclusive. The national psychological differences make people have psychological conflict in the people intercourse, and form the barrier of mutual intercourse. National psychology is the inherent psychological characteristic of a nation in the process of long-term evolution. Because different ethnic groups are affected by different ecological environment, religious belief and historical political and cultural background, different ethnic groups form different national psychology. Different national psychology has created different values and consuming psychology. The psychological mode of a nation inevitably influences its shopping mentality. In the process of trademark translation, if we ignore the national psychological differences, the good products will not be bought for the unacceptable translated trademark in sales place. Such as “帆船” carpet is also the traditional export products translated into junk results in the United States market no one to buy. Originally junk in English sailing accident also have rubbish, tattered meaning. Later it was translated into “Junco” to attract the attention of foreign people. Because of the different customs and morals of each country and nation, the translator should consider the culture and customs of the place of sale. The trademark of the “太陽神口服液” wants to show the world that the oral liquid can be full of youthful vigor, not directly translated into the "the god of the sun", the translator in the translation of the Cultural transformation, translated as "Apollo", the ancient Greek sun God's meaning, representing the light and youth, with the original language.
3.2 Element of Politics, Economy and History
Politics, economy and history determine the status of a country in the world, so it is a cultural taboo is an important factor to be considered in the translation of trademarks and a sensitive factor, so it is very important to take into account the political, economic and historical taboos in translation. Such as OPIUM perfume, inventor of the trademark in 1977 had been to China, he started from the Chinese snuff bottle modeling inspiration, created the "OPIUM" brand perfume, trademark means "OPIUM", translated as OPIUM will remind the Chinese of humiliation of the opium war, the strong national pride makes the perfume was listed in China slammed by consumers, and eventually banned due to violation of China's trademark law. Bear in modern economic terms, it can be matched with market, which means "market of falling market", popularly known as "weak city, market and bear market". Such words should not be used on trademarks.
3.3 The Variation of Culture Taboos in Different Countries
3.3.1 The Variation of Animal’s Symbolic Meaning
Panda: in China, they are seen as animals and pets, but in Muslim countries, they are seen as pig. African trademark also bans the panda.
Bats: westerners believe it is a symbol of terror, death and foreboding. Even kids know it's a vampire. However, in our country, it is regarded as a symbol of happiness, as an auspicious omen.
Elephant: in India, Sri Lanka and other countries are auspicious things and solemn symbols. But in some European countries, elephants have the same meaning as idiots
Owl: in our country, the owl is regarded as an ominous sign. In addition to the Swiss, westerners believe that it is the embodiment of wisdom, courage and toughness.
Peacock: in our country and south Asia, it symbolizes auspiciousness and beauty. India also sees it as a national bird, but Europeans see the peacock as a scourge.
Dogs: dogs in the west are seen as a loyal partner, protected by law. Instead, in some parts of northern Africa, people hate dogs and taboo dogs.
Cats: in many countries, they are considered pets. Europeans think cats can bring good luck. But many people in western countries think black cats are unlucky.
The crane: our country regards it as a symbol of good luck and longevity, while the French think the crane is a stupid man's name.
Rabbit: many countries think that rabbits are cute and docile, but in Australia they are the exception. Because rabbits eat grass, they are the bane of wool production, so they don't like the “rabbi” brand.
Phoenix: in our country is a kind of the miraculous animals, on behalf of the "lucky, happiness, and elegant. Chinese people believed that a “鳳凰”bicycle can bring good luck, but in western culture legend phoenix is not dead bird, there is the meaning of" renewable "and" resurrection ", so the goods no takers in the west it is not surprising. A similar example of “喜鵲”,but the English word is “magpie” is talking about boring people in the west.
3.3.2 The Variation of Number Symbolic Meaning
0: Indians believe that the number ending in 0 is positive.
1: in the eyes of westerners, “1” means perfection and initiation.
3: the Greeks and Egyptians considered the “3” to be sacred, dignified and auspicious. Some western countries see this as an unlucky number.
4: North Korea, Japan and China think this number is unlucky. In the eyes of Japanese, it is lazy and useless. The Arabs thought it was immortal, so they attached great importance to this number.
7: Some Europeans and Americans think this is a good luck, while Singaporeans have the opposite idea.
8: this is a lucky number in China, which is very similar to the word "發", which people tend to choose when choosing a number. Singaporeans, however, say the Numbers are not good.
13: the west and Singapore think this number will bring bad luck and misfortune. So there are no 13 floors in western countries.
Digital deification also shows the difference between east and west. In our country “666”, “999”, “金六福”, “三元” and “13” these digital products, in the United States can see the “7-up”, “Modle Seven” and “7-eleven”and other trademarks of goods, but “666”, “13” goods exported to the United Kingdom and the United States will become a problem, because the “six” in the west is the symbol of the devil, 13 is an unlucky number. It is difficult for us to master the culture of each country, which requires us to accumulate knowledge to avoid the cultural taboos of other countries in the translation of trademarks.
3.3.3 The Variation of Color Symbolic Meaning
In China, green symbolizes life, red symbolizes passion, white symbolizes purity, and black symbolizes solemnity. In the United States, light colors are generally liked, such as ivory, light green, light blue, yellow, pink, light yellow, and they don't like purple. In France, people have imaginative about color. In addition, the color research and application is very exquisite, like red, yellow, blue and other colors. Bright-color is regarded as the symbol of vogue, luxuriant, nobility, so bright-color is popular in France. In eastern France, boys in fashion wear blue and girls wear pink. For Belgium, chrysanthemum means death, so similar to the chrysanthemum color won't welcome. For southern Belgium, girls love pink and boy love blue, ordinary people love the elegant grey. Avoid dark green, black and green color for Nazi uniform. It is not appropriate to use blue and yellow as a commercial in Sweden. Many countries like green, especially in the desert where Arabs see green as life, and green as a symbol of life for the flag. The Japanese, however, taboo green, who think green, is unlucky. In Malaysia, green is the symbol of disease. Westerners use white to symbolize purity, and black symbolizes death. Britain regards “red” as cruel and unlucky. In western countries, westerners regard white as a symbol of purity and beauty, and the bride's wedding dress is white, which symbolizes the purity and fidelity of love.
4. Coping Strategies of Cultural Taboos in the Process of Translation
Trademarks are the unity of language and culture. Trademark translation, with the perspective of cross-cultural communication, accurately grasp, the surface culture and deep culture, which can turn the material value to the abstract spiritual value. It allowed consumers to understand the material value of goods and material language culture and spiritual culture. Goods are sold to different countries and regions, so cultural differences between different types and degrees are necessarily reflected in the language. Although the translator deals with individual words in trademark translation, the translator always faces two cultures. Facing with fierce competition, the translator must have a strong awareness of intercultural communication, and break the bondage of language form equivalence concept in order that bring out the sound and make all brand names of goods have broad market prospects.( [3] Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.).
4.1 Catering to Consumer Psychology
Culture affects all aspects of our lives. It restricts and regulates the process of feeling the world and forming ideas, thus forming some perceptual cultural determinism. These perceptual stereotypes affect people's values and consumer psychology. The translation of trademarks must take into account the cultural habits and aesthetic psychology of consumers. In international trade, it is not difficult to find that the product of the same trademark is popular in one place and suffers from a snub in another. It is important that whether trademark translation can cater to consumers' aesthetic psychology. A people said that "The translator must be a real cultural person". If the translator is not sufficiently knowledgeable about the language and cultural phenomena of the target language, it is likely to make unavoidable mistakes in language or culture. For example, the “白象” battery produced in our country is translated as “White Elephant”, originally in English, “White Elephant” meaning is “big and useless”. For example, there is a kind of electric appliance called “蝙蝠”, the Chinese will take their homophonic, “蝠-福氣”. When translated into “Bat”, it will cause Westerners to resent it because they hate the animal. It is important to know how to translate the correct trademark. The import trademarks translation needs to take into account the traditional culture of China and the consumption psychology of Chinese consumers. Foreign products enter the Chinese market, if they want to set up a good product image, and be loved by Chinese consumers, they should have a translation which is consistent with Chinese consumers' cultural habits and aesthetic psychology Such as the United States drink “Coca Cola”, a translator used several of its similar homophonic Chinese characters as their trademark name in its first sale in China, the result is no one buy, because these several Chinese characters together reminiscent of the shape of the tadpole, meaning of “啃蠟蝌蚪”. Later, a called Jiang Yi translator careful study of the translation of the “Coca-Cola”, not only retained the “cola” pronunciation, but also cater to the Chinese consumer's psychology, point out its “delicious” taste, and the “happy” effect. In a sense, “cola” can be sold in the Chinese market, which is a good idea of the translation has played a great role.
4.2 The Use of Concise Language
For trademark translation, consumers are impressed by the simple and easy to understand and easy to understand. Because of the significant differences in pronunciation, word formation, historical background and cultural tradition between Chinese and English, some of the most concise and powerful trademarks in one language may appear to be protracted and difficult to remember. For example the American beer “Budweiser”, translate into“百德威斯” is difficult to remember Obviously there is no “百威” to be concise, and "百威" makes people feel refreshed and infinitely powerful. The trademark translation should make the reader feel good, remember, love and be willing to buy its goods, such as “Panten”(潘婷), “Olay” (玉蘭油), the translation is elegant and pleasant to hear. Therefore, when translating trademarks, we should bear in mind the memory function of trademarks, make the translation straightforward and simple, easy to read and easy to remember, and try to avoid those lengthy and cumbersome ones, that is, no real meaning, difficult to read and hard to remember . The most important goal of trademark translation is to enable consumers to remember the products they represent through the translation of trademarks. Therefore, trademark translation must be simple, easy to remember and vivid image.
4.3 Reflecting Commodity Information
The function of a trademark is to illustrate the performance of the commodity and reflect the characteristics of the commodity. A trademark is also a concise advertisement. A commodity wants to open sale, besides the quality is good, the variety is opposite the road, the price is reasonable, very important one is the translation of the trademark. By trademark, people can have the most basic understanding of the commodity, as far as possible to the purpose of pre-sale. Therefore, the translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the commodity from one aspect of the commodity, leaving a deep impression on the consumers. The translation must conform to the nature of the product and reflect its accurate positioning in the original text. For example: the world famous toothpaste brand Crest has the meaning of “Top, Peak point, Helmet” and so on, which makes people think of the “hard and hard surface protection”. If it can protect the teeth like a helmet, who can say no? Today, P&G products are almost everywhere in the world, and the “Safeguard” is particularly profound. The word is composed of “safe + guard”, safe means “safe, safe, reliable” and “guard” means “protection” two words together, became a “security”. This can make people think that the product is safe and does not stimulate the skin and can also play a role in skin care. The translation of the trademark should indicate the performance of the product and impress the consumers. Such as: the name “Benz” of Germany comes from the name of “KarlBenz”. In Taiwan, it was translated as “朋馳” and also translated as “本茨”. Although these translations are similar to the original name, the literal meaning does not reflect the performance of the goods, or it can be said to have no meaning. Now, "Benz" is translated as “Benz”, which is similar to the original name, which can also be thought of in the literal meaning of the translated name to the excellent performance of the car. Again such as “Nike” and “original intention”, the Greek goddess of victory, “娜姬”, “Nike” to the original feeling of propaganda object may be like a beautiful and victory, and the feeling of “Nike” to the Chinese tend to be more abrasion resistance, more in line with the consumer psychology of the Chinese . Excellent trademarks try to reflect the characteristics and advantages of commodities to cater to consumers' purchasing psychology. These logos are full of allegorical or inspiring people's rich associations to create an irresistible feeling.
The trademark language is a kind of language different from the ordinary word, and the ordinary word comparison implication is more profound and the content enriches makes the people easy to remember. Trademark language has several characteristics,First, the trademark language to have independence, only has the independent trademark to give the consumer the visual impact and the appeal, thus achieves the recognition and the approval goal. In other words, there could be no other identical trademarks. Second, the trademark language should be symbolic, trademark logo must have a high cohesion and profound implication. This requires businesses in the development of trademarks to the corporate culture, entrepreneurial spirit and the characteristics of enterprise products in the brand. Third, the trademark language should also be descriptive, refers to the trademark language generally implies the quality of goods, indicating its characteristics and performance. Four, the trademark language should also have the imagination characteristic, this can give the consumer an imaginary space, lets the consumer feel that uses this kind of product to have the unexpected effect. Five, use foreign words to do trademark language, according to their own cultural patterns, new things to be reconstructed.
我國的小學英語長期受到傳統教學模式以及升學壓力的影響,教師在教學中往往偏重于語言能力的培養,忽視和淡化了英語教學中的文化因素,導致學生學的都是“死知識”,不能在日常生活中靈活運用,有時甚至由于自身對英語文化背景缺乏了解,從而使自己陷入尷尬的境地,造成學生對英語學習的厭惡,使學生成績一落千丈。因此,教師在進行基礎英語知識教授的同時,應把語言知識的傳授與文化教學有機地結合起來。與此同時,在整個世界變得越來越小的今天,要想使我國的經濟走向世界,就需要更多的了解其他國家的文化,培養跨文化意識和跨文化交際能力。因此,文化教學尤其要從剛剛接觸英語的小學生抓起,這樣更有利于他們牢固地掌握文化知識,在將來的國際競爭中立于不敗之地。
二、文化教學在小學英語教學中存在的問題
(一)以傳統的教學模式為主
目前,我國小學英語教師在教學中仍然以傳統的教學模式為主,教師的講解占用了課堂大部分時間,學生在學習中處于被動地位。這種灌輸式教學方法嚴重脫離了素質教育的宗旨,抹殺了小學生的想象力、創新意識、積極性以及主動性,偏離了現實社會生活,不能與實際接軌。
(二)文化教學在小學英語教材中難以體現
目前小學英語教材或是不注重文化的重要性,缺少相應的關注度;或是文化內容單一,缺乏趣味性。與此同時,部分教師注意到了文化教學的重要性,但是教學的重點卻有一定的偏差,缺乏一定的操作技巧。因此,在新課標的背景下,更應注重文化教學在小學英語教材中所占的比重,將語言知識與文化知識的傳授齊頭并進,使二者協調發展。
(三)小學英語教師自身的文化素養難以滿足文化教學的要求
目前,我國小學英語教師的文化素養還比較低,這將難以滿足當前文化教學對英語教師的要求。一些小學教師在看待西方文化的態度上不夠客觀,在接納中西方文化的差異上有一定的偏頗。小學生很容易受到教師的影響,造成不良后果。
(四)小學生缺乏良好的英語語言學習環境
語言環境對語言學習者的學習起到關鍵的作用。只有營造適當的環境,小學生才會有真情實感,才能更好地學習英語。但是,由于英語的語言特點及語法結構與漢語有很大差異,小學生在學習時缺乏良好的語言環境。這就要求小學英語教師在教授英語的同時,應盡量為學生創設良好的語言環境,讓學生的學習和生活中處處蘊藏著英語的氣息。
三、小學英語文化教學的相關對策
(一)充分利用課堂教學的各個環節
在常規的課程中進行文化教學可以使英語課堂產生“潤物細無聲”的效果,于無形之中將英語文化滲透給小學生,這樣更有利于加強他們的記憶。例如,教師在每節課上課之前,可以利用幾分鐘的時間,讓一個學生把課下搜集的有關西方節日的習俗、英語中的成語、格言、諺語、神話故事等,向全班同學做口頭匯報。每節課前都由一個人來做這樣的匯報,如此,該同學在準備的過程中便把相關的英語文化牢牢掌握了,全班同學同樣有所收獲。
(二)有效組織英語文化活動
學校可以定期組織一些英語情景劇、英語演講比賽、英語故事會、英語文化日等相關活動。在活動中盡量多設置一些角色扮演,讓教師和學生通過融入角色去體會英語文化的妙趣橫生,使學生真正成為英語文化學習過程中的參與者和小主人。通過自身的參演,獲得了鍛煉的機會,同時也能真切地感受到西方文化的濃郁特色,增強對英語文化的感悟與理解,增進自身對英語文化的熱愛。
(三)不斷強化教師自身的文化意識
英語文化教學要求小學英語教師要始終保持與時俱進的精神,把握時代的脈搏,努力使自己成為學生學習道路上的指路人。作為教師要牢固樹立終身學習的觀念,不斷學習中西方文化間的差異,以適應英語文化教學對教師的高標準和高要求。
(四)充分利用外籍教師的優勢
學習一門外語,與使用這種語言的人接觸是非常關鍵的,在某種程度上,這種接觸甚至是其他任何方式都無法取代的。由外籍英語教師直接授課,小學生便可以直接地進行模仿性學習,這在一定程度上可以彌補中國教師授課的某些不足之處,在英語文化的思想傳播、英語語言氛圍的營造以及行為習慣和行為方式上對小學生起到潛移默化的影響作用。
(五)為學生創設良好的校園英語學習環境
首先,校園廣播是深受廣大小學生喜愛的,為此,教師可以組織相關人員每天做一個有關中外文化方面的報道,內容由學生自行搜集整理,這樣,學生走在校園里便能聽到英語,學到英語,時時刻刻沉浸在英語學習的氛圍中。其次,由于小學生很喜歡閱讀宣傳欄,教師可以在教室的一面墻壁上開辟出一個專門的文化欄,讓學生自己動手搜集整理一些有英語國家特色的圖片或文字,做成手抄報、剪紙等作品,貼在文化欄上。通過這一搜集和制作過程,不僅可以增進小學生對英語文化的了解,同時也會激發他們對英語學習的興趣,增進他們對英語國家的了解以及對不同文化的熱愛之情,為他們以后的英語學習奠定良好的基礎。
(六)鼓勵學生多渠道獲得學習資源
商務交際的一個重要環節就是商務談判,如交易中商品的價格、發貨時間、付款方式、售后服務等都會涉及談判,談判不僅需要商務英語的使用規范得體,而且要求語言的使用符合對方的文化背景,及飲食文化等,不能觸到對方的禁忌,這樣才能順利進行交際,最終促進交易的完成。此外培養出良好的人際關系也有利于企業間加深并建立長期合作關系,開發更多的客戶。但是受高職學制的影響,商務英語專業的人才培養方案和課程設置都過于重視學生商務英語知識和專業技能的培養和教學,缺乏文化的教學,使文化和語言知識脫節。這在表面上看確實是集中全部力量培養學生的知識技能,但是卻忽略了這樣一個事實,培養出的人才只掌握了語言這個交流的載體,卻缺乏引導交流順利進行的內容,會說英語,但卻不知道該說什么,交流的不恰當嚴重時會影響商務關系的建立。因此不了解對方的國家情況、地理環境、人文環境、文化風俗、商務文化,就無法建立良好的商務關系。雖然通過商務英語專業教學確實培養出了許多有非常高的商務英語知識和技能的學生,日常的交往活動中,也可以輕松自如地和外國人交流,但是在商務活動中,因為對對方的國家文化了解甚少,導致貿易無法正常進行,或者給公司帶來貿易損失的現象也很多。
2商務英語教學的現狀
學生是教學的主體,一切教學活動都應該從培養符合社會和崗位需求的人才出發。高職教學有別于本科的教學,高職教學更注重學生的實踐能力,這是高職辦學的特色。一切學科都需要跟崗位需求相結合,高職商務英語教學也是如此,開設了商務實訓課程,努力使學生擁有實際操作技能,理論學習的同時加強實踐。因此,高職商務英語教學的課程設計也是從這一目的出發,包括語言和商務知識的傳授,同時進行商務環境模擬。這是商務英語從業人員的基本素質要求。只有語言能力過關,商務知識專業的學生才能從事對外貿易活動。但是這兩點雖然具備了從事商務活動的基本條件,但卻不能保證能夠順利開展商務活動,這是因為各種交際活動歸根結底都是人與人之間的交往,所以相互尊重,尊重對方的文化習俗,不觸碰對方的禁忌是根本保證,這就需要了解貿易國的文化和習俗。目前高職英語教學普遍對文化的重視性不強。
導致這一現象的原因有兩點,一是學生沒有這方面學習的需求,高職的學生普遍基礎薄弱,缺乏學習的主動性,而且對英語的學習還是停留在過四、六級的需求上。雖然教師在課堂上有時也會給學生滲透一些文化知識,但卻會有學生因此而反映教師教學不專注課本,課外知識導入過多。二是整個學生培養方案中沒有英美文化這樣的課程,因此教師在教學中按照大綱教學就不會進行過多的文化知識的導入,了解文化差異是順利進行交際的必要條件,只有交流順利才能進行進一步的貿易談判、商務往來,為了達到這一目的,一定要從教師和人才培養方案這個根本來明確文化的重要性,加強對學生的商務文化的培養。同時也要讓學生理解這類課程設置的意義,調動學生的學習積極性和主動性。舉一個簡單的例子,商務宴請是貿易往來中非常常見的一種活動,有利于促進商務關系的建立和維護,但是如果處理不當也會適得其反。簡單的一次宴請會涉及許多文化方面的內容。如座位安排禮儀、餐具的使用禮儀、上菜的順序、搭配酒類的習慣、餐桌上取食的禮儀、餐桌上交談的禮儀、用餐后或用餐中離席的禮儀,以及勸酒布菜的中西方區別,等等。此外如果宴請的對象是西方人,那么就要注意宴會時間的選擇,一定要在工作時間中進行,因為西方傳統注重家庭和個人私有時間,占用他的休息時間,即使是商務宴請這樣的活動也會給對方造成不快,同時也要注意按時參加宴會不要遲到。而在中國和日本等一些國家,商務活動從業人員加班和應酬是工作常態,人們喜歡在酒桌上解決問題,開發客戶,維護與客戶的關系。因此了解這些差異,盡量避免給對方帶來不快,是商務活動能夠順利展開的必要條件。
3如何在教學中培養學生的文化意識
了解了文化對于國際貿易順利開展的重要性和原因之后就要對學生進行文化的滲透和導入,來增強學生的文化意識和學習的興趣。那怎么來實現這個目的呢?下面針對目前教學活動存在的問題來給出一些解決方法。首先,教師需要明確教學思想和教學目的。要從根本出發,雖然學生是課堂教學的主體,但是在課堂教學活動中,教師的思想行為和教學傾向性會對學生的學習重心產生影響,因此想要通過教學提高學生的文化水平,提升學生的文化意識,就需要教師的教學思想和教學目標重視文化的滲透和導入。其教學活動是根據不同的商務環境、文化進行實用型商務人才的培養,在教學中教師一定要明確這一點,只有從思想上真正認識到商務文化的重要性,在商務英語教學中,才會滲透商務文化,也才能從根本上改變現狀。目前有的教師本身就不重視文化在日常教學中的滲透,因此要督促教師從自身做起,提升教師自身的文化素質,這樣才能將文化知識傳達給學生,讓學生對文化的作用有所了解,調動學生的學習興趣和積極性。其次,運用多種手段,采取周刊選讀、分組討論、網絡查詢等各種不同的方式來進行教學,通過任務教學法、情景教學法等多種方法讓學生學習語言知識的同時對其他國家的禮儀、文化、習俗都有一定的認識和了解,提升學生的綜合素質。教師可以借助網絡資源、有聲資料,盡可能多地讓學生接觸到文化知識,同時要注重培養學生的團隊合作精神和組織能力、交際能力。
通過社會調查、小組討論、案例教學、分角色扮演,進行互動式的教學。教師還需要掌握跨文化外語教學的具體方法和技能,在進行課堂練習時,要充分發揮學生的主動性和創造性,盡量多地給學生交流發言的機會,讓他們實現語言知識、商務知識和文化知識的有機融合,培養既具有語言能力又具有跨文化商務溝通能力的商務英語復合型人才。最后,要重視日常教學中跨文化知識的導入。因為英語、商務和文化三者之間關系緊密、相互聯系,因此培養企業需求的實用型商務英語人才,就不能忽略對學生能力和文化的培養。所以我們需要培養既有扎實的語言能力,又有專業的商務詞匯和表達,以及跨文化的知識多能型人才。我們對前兩項都非常重視,也一直是教學的重點,而文化意識的培養就經常被忽略,而這對于學生今后的交際和可持續性發展是非常必要的。我們無法要求老師在短短的三年學制中能教授學生所有的文化差異,這是根本做不到的,我們要做的是培養學生的非語言交際能力,幫助學生意識到文化差異在交際中會引起的誤會和失誤,引導他們意識到文化對于交際的重要性,從而掌握學習方法和方向,具備繼續學習的能力。非語言交際是跨文化交際中非常重要的因素,據研究大概有70%左右的信息是通過非言語交際方式來傳遞的。因為非語言交際傳遞的信息不直接,只有相同文化基礎的人才能意識到,因此它所傳遞的信息甚至比語言所傳遞的信息更有影響力,一個簡單的手勢或動作,如果觸碰了對方的文化禁忌,就會引起誤會,進而會導致無法進行正常的交際,更不要說進行商務談判與合作了。所以要重視不同文化中肢體語言所代表的不同意義,也就是不同文化下的非語言交際方式。在不同文化中,肢體語言的意義并不完全相同,各民族有不同的非語言交際方式。在日常教學中,高職學制只有三年,無法在課堂上進行大量的跨文化信息的導入,但是可以讓學生課后多花點時間去查找與教材內容相關的文化背景知識,每節課拿出一點時間讓學生進行講解。這樣既鍛煉了他們的自主學習能力及語言的運用能力,也掌握了文化知識,如此在達到學生學習英語的同時,也提高了學生學習英語的興趣。
4結語